Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

Which theological belief did the Catholic Reformation emphasize to counter Protestant claims?

1. Salvation by faith alone

2. The importance of Church tradition and authority

3. Religious pluralism as a means of unity

4. Individual interpretation of scripture

The correct answer is: The importance of Church tradition and authority

The correct choice highlights the Catholic Reformation's robust assertion of the importance of Church tradition and authority. During this period, the Catholic Church sought to reaffirm its foundational principles in response to the Protestant Reformation, which challenged the Church's teachings and ecclesiastical authority. The Catholic Reformation emphasized that salvation was not merely through faith but was also achieved through good works and adherence to the sacraments, which are rooted in both Scripture and the long-standing traditions of the Church. By stressing the significance of Church tradition and authority, the Catholic Reformation maintained that the Church, as a divine institution, possessed the exclusive right to interpret the Bible and convey the teachings necessary for salvation. This stance directly countered Protestant ideas, particularly those of sola scriptura, which advocated for the individual's right to interpret the Bible without the mediation of the Church. In contrast, the other options do not align with the Catholic Reformation's stance. Salvation by faith alone reflects a key Protestant belief and contradicts Catholic doctrine. Religious pluralism, suggesting a coexistence of multiple faiths as a unifying strategy, does not accurately represent the Catholic Reformation's objectives, which centered on defending the singular authority of the Catholic Church. Lastly, the emphasis on individual interpretation of scripture is